Estimating the prize value of Powerball Lottery by Monte Carlo Simulation (2024)

๐ŸŽฑ๋กœ๋˜?

๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋กœ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋””์„œ ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ ์ž์ฃผ? ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”? ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”? ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” method๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ MCS์™€ Brownian method ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ MCS๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋†€์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŒ๋งŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฐŒ์–ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” Lotto๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชฉ์ 

๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์‹œํ–‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์–ป๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?
์ผ๋‹จ ๋ชฌํ…Œ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ ์ธ ํ™•๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ์‹œํ–‰ ํ™•๋ฅ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€?
๋˜ํ•œ ๋กœ๋˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•œํƒ•์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊นƒ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋†€์ด์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋กœ๋˜ 1์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ“๊ฐ’์„ ์ด๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜? ใ…Žใ…Ž

Powerball์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •

์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฃฐ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  simulation์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ท€์ฐฎ์•˜๋‹ค^^. ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์‹ ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆซ์ž ๋ฝ‘๊ธฐ ๋†€์ดํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š”์ค„
1. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ powerball์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. Powerball์€ (1~69)์—์„œ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 5๊ฐœ, (1~26)์—์„œ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 1๊ฐœ(๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค)๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  6๊ฐœ ๋‹ค ์ผ์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ Jackpot์ด๋‹ค.
2. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ pool 1~69์—์„œ 5๊ฐœ ๋”ฐ๋กœ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ pool 1~26์—์„œ 1๊ฐœ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ฝ‘๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ pool์˜ ์ˆซ์ž์™€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ pool์—์„œ ๋ฝ‘์€ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (๋‘˜์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ pool๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŽธ์•ˆ)
3. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ํŽธ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Jackpot์—๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ธˆ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค.

๋‹น์ฒจ ๊ธˆ์•ก์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •

3/29๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋‹น์ฒจ ๊ธˆ์•ก = 9350์–ต
์ผ๋‹จ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์ฒจ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์ฒจ ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด ์ธก์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
4/2๊ธฐ์ค€(ํ•œ๊ตญ)์œผ๋กœ jackpot ๊ธˆ์•ก $1bil
Estimating the prize value of Powerball Lottery by Monte Carlo Simulation (1)
picture from powerball ๊ณต์‹์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ

  1. ticket sold = 292,201,338 and $2 per play
    4/2(ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ค€)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ powerball์˜ ticket sold๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
  2. On average, between 20 and 24 percent of Powerball prize winners choose to add the Power Play option to their tickets when the jackpot is $150 million or less. This percentage drops to around 14 to 16 percent for larger jackpots. This indicates that a significant majority of players opt for the standard ticket without additional options.
    -> ์œ„์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹น์ฒจ ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
  3. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ticket sale ๊ธˆ์•ก์˜ 50% * 60~68% + ์ด์›” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด jackpot ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹น์ฒจ ๊ธˆ์•ก ์„ค์ •

 base_ticket_sales = 292000000 * 2 # Total revenue from ticket sales base_jackpot = 0.5 * 0.65 * base_ticket_sales # Starting jackpot jackpot = base_jackpot # Current jackpot rollovers = 0 # Count of rollovers

์ด๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‘๋“œ๋ ค๋„ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ ์•„๋ƒ? ํ•˜ํŠผ ๊ธˆ์•ก์€ $189,818,980 -> ํ•œํ™”๋กœ ์•ฝ 2640์–ต(6/23 ๊ธฐ์ค€) ใ…Žใ…Ž
Apr 1, 2024 ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 1 ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์–ธ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ = ์•ฝ 11์กฐ(April Fool's day๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋ผ์น˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ ์•„๋ƒ?)

์‹คํ–‰๊ณผ์ •

์‹ค์ œ ๋‹น์ฒจ ํ™•๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต

์‹ค์ œ ๋‹น์ฒจ ํ™•๋ฅ  = 1/ (69์—์„œ 5๊ฐœ ์ˆซ์ž ๋ฝ‘๊ณ  * 26๊ฐœ์—์„œ 1๊ฐœ) = 1 / 292,201,388 -> 3.42ร—10โˆ’93.42 \times 10^{-9}3.42ร—10โˆ’9

์‹คํ–‰ ์ฝ”๋“œ

import numpy as npdef simulate_powerball_jackpot(iterations=10000): base_ticket_sales = 292000000 * 2 # Total revenue from ticket sales base_jackpot = 0.5 * 0.65 * base_ticket_sales # Starting jackpot jackpot = base_jackpot # Current jackpot rollovers = 0 # Count of rollovers for _ in range(iterations): # Simulate winning numbers winning_numbers = set(np.random.choice(range(1, 70), 5, replace=False)) winning_powerball = np.random.choice(range(1, 27)) # Assume no winning ticket this iteration winner_found = False # For simplification, we check a subset of tickets instead of all 292,000,000 # Adjust 'num_tickets_simulated' as needed for computational efficiency vs accuracy num_tickets_simulated = 10000 # Example: Simulate 10,000 tickets for each iteration for _ in range(num_tickets_simulated): ticket_numbers = set(np.random.choice(range(1, 70), 5, replace=False)) ticket_powerball = np.random.choice(range(1, 27)) if ticket_numbers == winning_numbers and ticket_powerball == winning_powerball: winner_found = True break # Exit the loop early if a winning ticket is found if not winner_found: # If no winner, the jackpot rolls over: Increase by a fraction of base jackpot jackpot += base_jackpot # Example: 50% of the base jackpot is added each rollover rollovers += 1 else: # If there's a winner, reset the jackpot for the next iteration jackpot = base_jackpot # Reset jackpot after win # Calculate average jackpot considering rollovers # Note: This simplistic model divides the total accumulated jackpot by the number of iterations # For more accuracy, track and average only jackpots in winning iterations average_jackpot = jackpot / iterations return average_jackpot, rollovers# Run the simulationaverage_jackpot, rollovers = simulate_powerball_jackpot()print(f"Estimated Average Jackpot Value: ${average_jackpot:,.2f} with {rollovers} rollovers")

๋ณธ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ์œ„์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹น์ฒจ ๊ธˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋งค ํšŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋กœ๋˜ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์ด ํŒ๋งค๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  rollover๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์ด์›” ๊ธˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋”ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— iteration์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, estimated average jackpot value๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ 1๋ฒˆ๋„ ๋‹น์ฒจ์ด ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, average $189,818,980์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
์ง€๊ธˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์ง€? ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‹น์ฒจ ํ™•๋ฅ ๋งŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์ฒจ ์‹œ์ ์— ๋‹น์ฒจ ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด reset๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—; ๋˜ ์–ธ์ œ ๋‹น์ฒจ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ž–์•„ ๋ฉ์ฒญ์•„^^

์‹คํ–‰ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

  1. iterations: 10000, nums_tickets_simulated = 5000
    Estimating the prize value of Powerball Lottery by Monte Carlo Simulation (2)
    -> 1๋ฒˆ ๋‹น์ฒจ

  2. iterations: 10000, nums_tickets_simulated = 10000
    Estimating the prize value of Powerball Lottery by Monte Carlo Simulation (3)
    -> ๋‹น์ฒจ X

  3. iterations: 10000, nums_tickets_simulated = 20000
    Estimating the prize value of Powerball Lottery by Monte Carlo Simulation (4)
    -> ๋‹น์ฒจ X

  4. iterations: 10000, nums_tickets_simulated = 30000
    Estimating the prize value of Powerball Lottery by Monte Carlo Simulation (5)
    -> 2๋ฒˆ ๋‹น์ฒจ

  5. iterations: 10000, nums_tickets_simulated = 40000
    Estimating the prize value of Powerball Lottery by Monte Carlo Simulation (6)

-> ๋‹น์ฒจ X

๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„

์ •๋‹ต์„ ์ •ํ•ด๋†“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋งค ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ •๋‹ต์ง€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  generate a set of ticket numbers for each ticket sold๋กœ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
10,000๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋กœ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค nums_tickets_simulated ์ˆซ์ž ๋งŒํผ ํŒ๋งค์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

๊ทผ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค
๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ ํ™•๋ฅ  vs MCS ํ™•๋ฅ  vs ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ํ™•๋ฅ ๋งŒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ž

  • ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ๋‹น์ฒจ ํ™•๋ฅ  = 1/ (69์—์„œ 5๊ฐœ ์ˆซ์ž ๋ฝ‘๊ณ  * 26๊ฐœ์—์„œ 1๊ฐœ) = 1 / 292,201,388 -> 3.42ร—10โˆ’93.42 \times 10^{-9}3.42ร—10โˆ’9
  • MCS ๋‹น์ฒจ ํ™•๋ฅ (์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ) = 10000ร—(5000+10000+20000+30000+40000)/(1+0+0+2+0)=2.85ร—10โˆ’910000 \times (5000 + 10000 + 20000 + 30000 + 40000) / (1 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0) =2.85 \times 10^{-9}10000ร—(5000+10000+20000+30000+40000)/(1+0+0+2+0)=2.85ร—10โˆ’9
    -> ๋‘˜์€ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์‹ค์ œ ๋‹น์ฒจ ํ™•๋ฅ (๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ) -> ๋Œ€์ถฉ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ ํ•œ์žฅ๋‹น $2๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  $233 mil๊นŒ์ง€ rollover ๋˜๊ณ  15๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œํ–‰์—์„œ ๋‹น์ฒจ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์•„์ด๋งˆ๋ƒฅ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. N์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ๋‹น์ฒจ ํ™•๋ฅ ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•œ powerball ์ „์ฒด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค.
# Given the parameters, we need to calculate the following probability:# P = [(1 - 1/N)^(116,500,000)]^14 * (1 - (1 - 1/N)^(116,500,000))# where N is 292,201,388N = 292201388tickets_sold_per_draw = 116500000# Calculating probability of no winner in one drawno_winner_one_draw = (1 - 1/N) ** tickets_sold_per_draw# Calculating probability of no winner for 14 consecutive drawsno_winner_fourteen_draws = no_winner_one_draw ** 14# Calculating probability of at least one winner in the 15th drawwinner_fifteenth_draw = 1 - no_winner_one_draw# Total probabilitytotal_probability = no_winner_fourteen_draws * winner_fifteenth_drawtotal_probability

๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค
0.001238 or about 0.1238%
์•„๋‹ˆ ์ด ์ •๋„๋ฉด ๋กœ๋˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ?

๋‚ ์งœ๋‹น์ฒจjackpot ๊ธˆ์•ก์‹ค์ œ์ˆ˜๋ น ๊ธˆ์•ก
5์›” 6์ผ1 winner$215 mil$100.1 mil
5์›” 8์ผno winner$20 mil$9.3 mil
5์›” 11์ผno winner$37 mil$17.4 mil
5์›” 13์ผno winner$48 mil$22.4 mil
5์›” 15์ผno winner$60 mil$28.1 mil
5์›” 18์ผno winner$78 mil$36.4 mil
5์›” 20์ผno winner$89 mil$41.6 mil
5์›” 22์ผno winner$102 mil$47.8 mil
5์›” 25์ผno winner$121 mil$56.7 mil
5์›” 27์ผno winner$131 mil$61.2 mil
5์›” 29์ผno winner$143 mil$66.9 mil
6์›” 1์ผno winner$162 mil$75.3 mil
6์›” 3์ผno winner$173 mil$80.6 mil
6์›” 5์ผno winner$187 mil$87.0 mil
6์›” 8์ผno winner$208 mil$97.7 mil
6์›” 10์ผ1 winner$233 mil$104.7 mil

๋‚˜๋Š” MCS๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ดํ›„์— ELS ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ Random Path๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ MCS๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, MCS์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์„œ ์œ„์—์„œ 15์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” CPU๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์žก๊ณ  ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ˆซ์ž ๋ฝ‘๊ธฐ ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋กœ๋˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•„์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ๋‹คใ…Žใ…Ž

GPU & CPU

๋จผ์ € ์œ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ 15์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถˆ์Œํ•œ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์„ ์ผœ๋†“์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์— ์žˆ๋Š” GPU ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Cuda ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
๋” complexํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , 10,000๋ฒˆ iteration์— 40,000์˜ ticket sales ๊ฐ™์ด ์ž‘์€ scale์€ parellel processing์ด ๊ตณ์ด ํ•„์š” ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
์ดํ›„์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋“œ๋„ gpu๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋”๋ผ^^

Random

Can a computer generate a truly random number?
https://engineering.mit.edu/engage/ask-an-engineer/can-a-computer-generate-a-truly-random-number/
On a completely deterministic machine(์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ) you can't generate anything you could really call a random sequence of numbers.
์ด์œ  : the machine follows same algorithm to generate them. Meaning, it starts with a common 'seed' number and then follows a pattern. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ pseudo-random์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์˜ lottery ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฐ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ random seed๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ code๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ nums_tickets_simulated์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œํ–‰ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค random seed๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ž์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์•„๋งˆ๋„?

Exceptionally good at certain aspects of a thing by just doing it everyday (from Lex Fridman's podcast with Andrew Ng)

๋ณธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ๊ธ€์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์‹ค๋ ฅ์ด ์•ˆ๋จ)
๋ณธ์ธ์ด ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€? ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์šฉ๋„์ž„์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค.
๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ ํƒœํด์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์–‘๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋จน๊ฒ ๋‹ค.

Estimating the prize value of Powerball Lottery by Monte Carlo Simulation (2024)
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